Airspace

Image from PHAK 15-1

Class A

  • Dimension : FL180-FL600 including airspace over the waters within 12 nm of  coast of the 48 states and Alaska. 
  • Equipment : mode C, two-way radio, IFR equipment. 
  • Entry requirement : ATC clearance, IFR plan, Instrument Rating 
  • Wx minimum : N/A   

Class B 

  • Dimension : It is indivisually tailored for each airport. (usually 10,000’msl) 
  • Consists of usually 3 stages like upside down wedding cake.(not exceed 30nm radius) 
  • Equipment : mode C, two-way radio 
  • Entry requirement : ATC clearance, PPL(STUDENT  PILOT W/T INDORSEMENT)  
  • Wx minimum : Vis 3sm, COC 

Class C 

  • Dimension : It is individually tailored for each airport.  
  • usually core area is up to 4000’AGL with 5nm radius. and shelf area is  from 1200’ to 4000’AGL with 10nm radius 
  • Equipment : mode C, two-way radio ( if mode C x, permission is needed) 
  • Entry requirement : two-way radio communication, student pilot 
  • Wx minimum : Vis 3sm 152 

Class D 

  • Dimension : It is usually up to 2,500’AGL with 4nm radius of circle 
  • Equipment : two-way radio 
  • Entry requirement : student pilot, two-way radio communication 
  • Wx minimum : Vis 3sm, 152 

Class E 

  • Dimension : controlled airspace that is not designated as class A,B,C,D 
  • Equipment : N/A 
  • Entry requirement : N/A 
  • Wx minimum : Vis 3sm 152 (below 10,000’msl), Vis 5sm 111 (above 10,000’msl) 

Class G 

  • Dimension : uncontrolled airspace located anywhere that class A,B,C,D,E has been not designated 
  • Equipment : N/A 
  • Entry requirement : N/A 
  • Wx minimum : below 1,200’AGL = 1sm, COC (DAY), 3sm 152 (NIGHT) above 1,200‘AGL = 1sm, 152 (DAY), 3sm 152 (NIGHT) / above 10,000’MSL = 5sm, 111 

Runway Incursions

Definition

  • Any occurrence in the airport runway environment involving an aircraft, vehicles, persons, and objects that can create a collision hazard or results in a loss of required separation with an aircraft taking off, intending to take off, landing, or intending to land.
  • It requires someone to be at fault
  • Pilots, controllers, and vehicle operators can cause runway incursions

How to prevent

  • Familiarity with the airport layout by studying an airport diagram
  • Visually clearing the length of the runway and the approach area before taxing across or onto the runway
  • Reading back all runway instructions in full
  • Turning on all exterior lights before crossing the runway holding short marking
  • Situational awareness at all times while on the airport surface
  • Writing down complex taxi instructions
  • Request a progressive taxi at busier airports
  • Know airport signage
  • Use proper phraseology
  • Familiarity with NOTAMs

IM SAFE

Pilots are encouraged to perform the self-test “I’M SAFE” prior to attempting flight.

  • I=ILLNESS
  • M=MEDICATION
  • S=STRESS
  • A=ALCOHOL (consumed within 8 hours, BAC 0.04% +, hangover)
  • F=FATIGUE
  • E=EMOTION, EATING (Normal Psychological state and proper nourishment)

파일럿은 비행 전에 IMSAFE라는 셀프 테스트를 통해 자신의 컨디션을 체크한다. 난 평소 술을 안마시니까 한가지 항목은 신경 안 써도 될 듯 싶다. 실제로 한시간 반 가량 교관과 비행을 마치면 육체적인 피로가 상당하다. 비행에 적응하는 교육 초반 시기인데다 랜딩에 집중하다 보니 비행을 마치면 꼭 휴식이 필요하다.

Flaps

#Purpose of flaps
=Increase descent angle without increase in airspeed

ex) One of the main functions of flaps during approach and landing is to

=increase the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed.

ex)What is one purpose of wing flaps?
=To enable the pilot to make steeper approaches to a landing without increasing the airspeed.

 

Angle of Attack

#Angle of Attack

=an acute angle “A”
=the angle between chord line and relatively wind

#Stall
When there is a critical Angle of attack,
lift is destroyed and  no longer air conforms on the surfce of the wing.

ex)The angle of attack at which an airplane wing stalls will remain the same regardless of gross weight

ex)The indicated airspeed at wich a given airplane stalls will remain the same regardless of altitude.

ex)At hight altitude the stall speed is the same.

Aerodynamics

#4 Aerodynamic forces
=Thrust, Drag, Lift, Weight

ex)The four forces acting on an airplane in flight are
Lift, Weight, Thrust, and Drag

#Unaccelerated Flight
=Not changing speed and direction

ex)When are the four forces that act on an airplane in equilibrium?
During unaccelerated flight.

#In Equalibrium during unaccelerated Flight
Thrust=Drag
Lift=Weight

#Straight and level Flight

Thrust=Drag
Lift=Weight